Ancient greek philosophers, many of whom were interested in music, hypothesized that there was a connection between waves and sound, and that vibrations, or disturbances, must be responsible for sounds. Note that c and c are a distance apart, and so are d and d. Sound lies at the very center of speech communication. Different musical notes are obtained by changing the frequency of the. In a longitudinal sound wave propagating in a gas, the vibrations are the displacements of the air molecules or pressure or density. The oscillations are normal to the direction of wave motion along the string, so this is an example of transverse wave. The physics classroom tutorial presents physics concepts and principles in an easytounderstand language. There are less visible but equally pervasive sound waves and electromagnetic waves. Ncert cbse notes for class 9 science physics chapter 12 sound. The waves having the property where all the individual particles experience displacement perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave. This is a phenomenon which appears in many contexts throughout physics, and therefore our attention should be concentrated on it not only because of the particular example considered here, which is sound, but also because of the much wider application of the ideas in all branches of physics. Waves a wave is a disturbance that pppg gropagates through space and time, usually with transferrance of energy. Newtons laws of motion allen physics particle kinematics allen physics practical physics allen physics rotational motion allen physics temperature scales allen physics wave theory allen physics work energy allen physics this website is created solely for jee aspirants to download pdf, ebooks, study materials for free. Wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, which may or may not displace particles of the medium.
While a mechanical wave exists in a medium which on deformation is capable of producing elastic restoring forces waves ofproducing elastic restoring forces, waves of. We will start with periodic motion for the rst two lectures, with our speci c examples being the motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring, and the pendulum. As velocity of sound in air is 332 msec so the wavelength of ultrasonics. Notes on oscillations and mechanical waves the topics for the second part of our physics class this quarter will be oscillations and waves. Even more important, though only touched on in this book, is the wave phenomenon of quantum mechanics, built into the fabric of our space and time. Wave motion is the transfer of energy and momentum from one point of the medium to another point of the medium without actual transport of matter between two points. Wave motion is classified into three different ways they are, the medium of propagation, the dimensions in which a wave propagates energy, the energy transfer. This is a collection of total 26 physics modules of the institute arranged in correct order covering the full syllabus of the exams. For instance, if a car approaches you while playing a note. Longitudinal waves two different motions to describe in a wave.
Wave motionis the disturbance, set up in the medium, due to the repeated periodic motion of the particles of the medium and travels from the particle to particle, the particles themselves keep vibrating about their mean positions. For sound waves, high and low pressure zones move both. How can it make sense to use the same word wave for all these disparate. Each lesson includes informative graphics, occasional animations and videos, and check your understanding sections that allow the user to practice what is taught. A classic example is a wave traveling down a line of standing dominoes. Waves class 11 notes physics chapter 15 learn cbse. Download motion classes physics sheets jee physics for you. Where do sounds come from sounds are produced by vibrating or oscillating objects. Transverse waves consist of high parts or peaks called crests and low parts called troughs. V v p v energy energy particle motion particle motion. In a longitudinal sound wave propagating in a gas, the vibrations. Echolocation waves can have frequencies of about 100,000 hz.
Chapter 10 wave motion 343 would look like if our eyes were sensitive to very subtle pressure variationsfigure 10. A sound wave is both the end product of the speech production mechanism and the primary source of raw material used by the listener to recover the speakers message. Part 2 wave motion and sound the general discussion of wave motion is important because the ideas of wave propagation are ubiquitous. Wave motion and sound department of physics and astronomy. Repeated motion sends out periodic sound waves p p. If the string is very long compared position as the pulse or wave passes through them. Most familiar are surface waves on water, but both sound and light travel as wavelike disturbances, and the motion of. Examples of wave motion include waves on strings, water waves, seismic waves. In a general sense, anything that moves back and forth, to and fro, side to side, in and out, or up and down is vibrating. In this chapter we shall discuss the phenomenon of waves. The period t is the time for one wave to pass a given point. The energy however is passed along the water from one wave to the other. A stretched rubber band when plucked vibrates and produces sound.
Lessons lecture notes the physics classroom conceptual waves. The document covers class 12 physics notes on sound waves containing top concepts like wave motion, mechanical wave motion, progressive wave, superposition principle, stationary waves etc. Sound is a longitudinal wave produced by a vibrating source that causes regular variations in. Along with the transverse and the longitudinal waves some waves in nature demonstrate the combination of both such as water wave. Sound waves can only travel through a solid, liquid or gas. Their vibrations occur in the same direction as the direction of travel. Wave and motion grade 12 physics notes khullakitab. Sound waves revision notes learn igcse physics oxnotes. A wave is a vibratory disturbance in a medium which carries energy from one point to another point without any actual movement of the medium. This article contains the chapterwise pdf download links of jee physics sheets of motion classes for jee mains and advanced. So, at x0 the motion is described by y cos 0 t cos t 2 f at xxo the little guy a sees.
The wave equation outline of mechanical waves longitudinal and transverse waves waves in a string, sound waves the wave equation description of waves using functions of two variables. Likewise a wind motion of air as a whole should not be confused with a sound wave which is a propagation of disturbance in pressure density in air, without the. This lecture is from mullers new book physics and technology for future presidents. Wave, propagation of disturbances from place to place in a regular and organized way. Pythagoras observed in 550 bce that vibrating strings produced sound, and worked to. Characteristics of wave the characteristics of waves are as follows. Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties. Waves class 11 notes physics chapter 15 waves wave is a form of disturbance which travels through a material medium due to the repeated f periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their mean positions without any actual transportation of matter. Types of wave motionwave motion is mainly two types. So that particles can return to their mean position, after having been disturbed. E youngs modulus for a solid material, or the bulk modulus for a fluid. For example, a wave generated at 60 cycles per second has a frequency of 60 hz and can be expressed as 60s.
Conceptual ideas develop logically and sequentially, ultimately leading into the mathematics of the topics. The frequency of a wave is the number of complete waves passing a fixed point in a given amount of time. Much of our current understanding of wave motion has come from the study of acoustics. A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy and momentum from one place to the other without the transport of matter. Class 11 physics revision notes for chapter 15 waves free pdf download. Relative motion between a sound source and a listener causes an observed change in frequency o as a source moves while creating sound waves, the wave fronts in the direction of motion become closer together shorter wavelength, so higher frequency o as a source moves while creating sound waves, the wa ve fronts in the opposite direction. Wave motion, propagation of disturbancesthat is, deviations from a state of rest or equilibriumfrom place to place in a regular and organized way.
Pdf buy jh sir physical chemistry notes for class 12 mar 8, 2020 pdf nv sir 11th class physics notes for jee and boards feb 27, 2020 pdf download nv sir physics notes complete for jee feb 22, 2020. A wave is the disturbance produce in the medium from an equilibrium condition which travels with the finite velocity in the region of space. In the case of sound waves, the vibrations create a series of compressions and expansions and the wave travels along the compression in the direction of the propagation. The physics of waves version date february 15, 2015. Vibration is the rapid to and fro motion of an object. Because of the central role played by sound in speech communication, it is important to have a good. Lecture notes iii university of illinois at urbana. The disturbance of the medium is energy traveling through a medium. In nearly all areas of science and therefore real life energy is transferred via the vibrations that make up waves. To visualize wave motion and develop intuition about waves. It is the imaginary line on a wave that joins all points that are in same phase. Class 11 physics revision notes for chapter 15 waves. Once a wave train has moved far enough away from its source.
Mechanical waves those waves which require a material medium for their propagation, are called mechanical waves, e. The distance of the wave moved in one second in the medium. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that must pass through a medium. Again, sound waves are a disturbance moving through a medium. In a longitudinal wave, such as a sound wave, the particles oscillate along the direction of motion of the wave. Notes on sound chapter 15 michigan state university.
All matter transmits soundall matter transmits sound to some extentto some extent, but a material medium is needed between the source and the receiver to propagate sound. This website is created solely for jee aspirants to download pdf, ebooks, study materials for free. These notes are combined with chapter 14 oscillations. Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. Waves can also be separated into transverse and longitudinal waves. Learn more concepts of sound wave and propagation, seema maam will explain about sonic boom in this session and other topics mentioned below 1 range of hearing 05.
Wave motion and sound plusphysics physics crash course. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium. The diagram above gives a side view of transverse water wave. A wave is the motion of a disturbance traveling through a medium not the motion of the medium itself. The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs is the wavelength for a transverse wave. It is usually drawn by joining down all the crests. In the simplest waves, the disturbance oscillates periodically see periodic motion with a fixed frequency and. Motion of the waves energy motion of individual molecules of the wave transverse waves two motions are perpendicular waves on a string, water surface waves longitudinal waves two motions are parallel sound waves waves can have both transverse and longitudinal motion. Physics of sound penn state mechanical engineering.
Notes on oscillations and mechanical waves periodic motion. As the sound source moves towards the observer the crests. The particle in the water moves in a circular path as the wave goes by. Production of sound sound is produced due to the vibration of objects. In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles of the medium is at right angles i. These pressure disturbances move out into the surrounding air at approximately 330 meters per second i. Revision notes on waves and sound waves askiitians. Lecture 11 chapter 16 waves i university of virginia. This is demonstrated b y the well known experiment of the bell in the jar. Frequency of the wave f is the number of waves passing a given point in a unit of time. Note that a sound wave in water is a different kind of wave than the.
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